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The Commission recognizes the importance of reducing the negative externalities – such as noise, air pollution, CO2 emissions, congestion, safety, etc.

Agglomeration externalities and offer of on-the-job training :

While the package, currently being examined by the Council and the European Parliament, is aimed at boosting ​energy efficiency, renewable energy, and energy independence​, the Commission also attempts to address potential negative externalities of efficiency measures,​ protect vulnerable consumers and fight energy poverty​.

To this effect, Schoenmaker and Oosterloow gathered a new data set on cross-border penetration (as a proxy for cross-border externalities) of 30 large EU banking groups.

(2‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺿﺮﻳﱯ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﻘﺺ ﺣﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ )‪، Gordon(1983)،Coase (1988‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ �ﺘـﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻘـﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺣﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﻭﺇﻋﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺳﺨﺎﺀ‪ ‬ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪(1997‬‬ ‫‪ ،Bonis‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪effects‬‬ ‫‪Valeria De‬‬ ‫‪ externalities‬ﻟﻠﻀﺮﻳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪Haaparanta,‬‬ ‫)‪ ،1996, Huffer et al, 1999‬ﻭﻓﻀﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ �ﺸﻄﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﱯ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗـﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴـﻴﺔ ﻣـﻊ ﻛـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﻣﺮﺗـﺒﻄﺔ ﻣـﻊ ﺟﲑﺍﳖـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣـﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﲥﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻـــﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈـــﻢ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌـــﺎﱂ ﻗـــﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻄـــﺖ ﺑـــﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤـــﻴﺔ ﻣـــﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﳎـــﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻘـــﻴﻖ ﺍﻟـــﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻗﻠــﻴﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣـــﺎ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜــﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﳔﻔــﺎﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼــﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀـﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣــﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎً ﻋــﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺗــﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﻔــﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀـﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﲦﺎﺭﻫــﺎ ﰲ ﺿــﺦ ﺍﺳــﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳــﺪﺓ ﺗﻔــﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻴﺎ�ﺎﺕ ﻗﺎ�ﻮ�ﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻟـﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﻗـﺎﻡ ﲠـﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣـﺜﺎﻥ ‪ Thomsen &

In 2016, the ICAO will discuss reduction of gas emissions in the air transportation, by proposing a compensation system leading companies to fund environmental programs, like the EU ETS System (inspired by the Pigovian tax model, whose objective was to take into account negative externalities).