natural logarithmic functions
logarithmic graphs, 112–14, 125–7
logarithms
on calculators, 117–20
interpreting, 113
invention, 108
Napierian, 117
rules, 114–17
long division, algebraic, 100–3
lower tail, 657
magnitude, vectors, 309–10
Malthus, Thomas (1766–1834), 447
many–one functions, 58
mathematical induction, 509–27
early studies, 509
introduction, 510–16
method, 510–15
proofs, 516–21
matrices, 268–304
addition, 269–70
associativity, 274
augmented, 289
commutativity, 272–3
definitions, 269
determinants, 279–86
distributivity, 274–5
early studies, 268
equality, 269
identity, 273
multiplication, 271–2
non-singular, 279
operations, 269–78
post-multiplication, 273
pre-multiplication, 273
simultaneous equation solving, 287–302
singular, 279
subtraction, 269–70
zero, 273–4
see also inverse matrices
maxima
global, 196
local, 196, 246
maximum turning points, 195, 198
mean, 529, 532–3, 652
finding, 660–2
population, 549
sample, 549
median, 529, 532, 539, 549
continuous probability density functions, 647–9
Menelaus of Alexandria (c.70–140), 1
mid-interval values, 532
725
Index
Mien, Juliusz (1842–1905), 337
minima
global, 196
local, 196, 246
minimum turning points, 195, 198
modal class intervals, 532
mode, 529, 532
continuous probability density functions, 646–7
modulus, complex numbers, 488–92
modulus-argument form, complex numbers, 488–92
multiplication
by i on Argand diagrams, 487–8
complex numbers, 477
imaginary numbers, 474–5
matrices, 271–2
vectors, 321–35
see also scalar multiplication
Napier, John (1550–1617), 108, 117, 120
Napierian logarithms, 117
Napier’s analogies, 108
Napier’s bones, 108
natural base, 117–18, 217
natural logarithmic functions, 117–18, 217, 379
differentiation, 226–8
natural numbers, set of, 59
negative vectors, 311–12
nested schemes, 87
Newton, Sir Isaac (1643–1727), 108, 183, 187, 373, 473
Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
(c.200–100 BC), 268
non-singular matrices, 279
normal distributions, 633–4, 652–60
applications, 662–5
and probability, 654–8
standard, 660
normals, equations of, 191–2
notation
complex numbers, 488–93
decimal, 108
differential calculus, 187
factorial, 146–52
functional, 187, 217
functions, 59
geometrical, 187
integral, 387, 634
sequences, 131
sets, 562–3
sigma, 143–6, 387, 516, 531, 634
vectors, 306–7
nth term, 131
arithmetic sequences, 133
geometric sequences, 136
numbers
irrational, 224
sets of, 59
see also complex numbers;